Millions of Americans have had their driver's licenses taken away not because they got drunk and got behind the wheel, or because they caused an accident and hurt someone: They lost their licenses because they were too poor to pay court costs or traffic fines, which can run into hundreds and sometimes thousands of dollars.
About 40 states have such laws on the books that suspend or revoke licenses of drivers. But now, a federal district judge has ruled that one of these laws, in Tennessee, violates the due process and equal protection clauses of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution.
Experts say it is the first time a federal judge has formally declared any of these state laws unconstitutional. Critics have long argued that the laws make it harder for poor people to pay their debts, because the only way for them to do so -- to get in the car and go to work -- means breaking the law. And if they do drive, it means even more fees piled on if they get caught.
The ruling does not affect states other than Tennessee. But it still is a victory for advocates of the poor who have targeted license revocation laws as some of the worst examples of statutes that effectively criminalize poverty, where fees and fines and bail money for even minor infractions can sweep people into a vortex of mounting debts out of which many will never climb.
The ruling in Tennessee could mean the reinstatement of driver's licenses for more than 100,000 Tennessee residents. A similar lawsuit is also pending before the same judge over unpaid traffic fines that have cost about a quarter-million Tennesseans their licenses. The precise number of residents who would get their licenses back is unclear because some also lost driving privileges for other reasons and would still be subject to revocation.
In a ruling issued Monday, Judge Aleta Trauger of Nashville cited the Tennessee law's failure to provide an exception for people who were too poor to pay off court debts, even if they wanted to.
Kelly Smith, an official with the Tennessee attorney general's office, said state leaders were disappointed with the decision and were "considering all of our legal options." The ruling instructs the state to stop these revocations and to find a way within 60 days to begin reinstating licenses taken away for no other reason than an inability to pay court debts.
The court debts that lead to revocations typically include fines imposed as punishment for misdemeanors and other lawbreaking, as well as fees levied to cover the costs of probation, incarceration, drug treatment, or even the use of public defenders.
Trauger criticized the Tennessee law not just because it has the effect -- an unconstitutional effect, she said -- of treating the wealthy and the poor differently.
She also suggested that the law is bad public policy because it has the opposite effect of what was intended -- spurring more people to pay off their debts.
"Losing one's driver's license simultaneously makes the burdens of life more expensive and renders the prospect of amassing the resources needed to overcome those burdens more remote," she wrote.
Once a license is suspended, new costs can mount quickly. People in Tennessee caught driving with a revoked license can be punished with up to six months in jail and a $500 fine for a first offense, and up to a year in jail and a $2,500 fine for each subsequent offense.
In total, as many as 10 million Americans currently have licenses revoked or suspended solely because they do not have the ability to pay these costs, said Lisa Foster, a former state judge in California who was director of the Department of Justice's Office for Access to Justice during the Barack Obama administration.
Foster, now the co-director of the Fines and Fees Justice Center, a nonprofit that advocates eliminating many court fees, predicted the Tennessee ruling would be a harbinger of outcomes in legal challenges in other places.
In an interview, Foster said a few states have already pulled back on enforcement of these laws.
"When it is in the context of the justice system, the Supreme Court has said it is unconstitutional to treat two people differently who are identical in all respects except that one has money and one does not," she said.
A Section on 07/05/2018