LOS ANGELES -- The assassination of President John Kennedy led Disneyland to close for a day in 1963. Universal Studios Hollywood closed just long enough to complete safety inspections after the Northridge earthquake struck in 1994.
The covid-19 pandemic has closed California's largest theme parks for more than a year, creating an unprecedented challenge for the operators of Disneyland, Universal Studios Hollywood and other parks that are scrambling to prepare to reopen under more relaxed safety protocols issued by the state.
It's a big job. They must prepare dozens of attractions for daily use, rehire and train thousands of workers, and adopt a slew of new safety protocols that in many cases dramatically alter how attractions will operate and how visitors will be expected to behave.
"It's like turning an aircraft carrier," said Scott Strobl, senior vice president of operations at Universal Studios Hollywood.
Making the challenge even more difficult is that park officials are not sure that the state will release detailed safety protocols that affect what attractions can open, which ones need to be altered before they are available to visitors and which one must remain offline for now.
Disney is preparing a range of game plans as it awaits a response from the state, said Kris Theiler, vice president of the Disneyland Park.
Gov. Gavin Newsom and California public health officials announced this month that with the rollout of vaccines and the drop in new covid-19 cases, the state would allow theme parks to reopen earlier than previously anticipated. Parks in counties with low enough coronavirus transmission can open as early as April 1.
The state has offered only a handful of guidelines: All park visitors must be California residents and wear masks, indoor dining is prohibited, and workers must be tested weekly for the coronavirus. For parks in counties in the second-most-restrictive tier of the state's four-category reopening road map -- the tier currently including Los Angeles and Orange counties -- total park attendance will be capped at 15% of capacity, and parks' individual indoor attractions will be limited to a maximum 15% capacity with time restrictions.
Before the state unveiled the more relaxed reopening plans, a coalition of California theme parks proposed more detailed guidelines to the state. The ideas included limiting riders on attractions and limiting the time that parkgoers are crowded together in attractions and lines.
Some of the guidelines proposed by the California Attractions and Parks Association were based on protocols adopted at theme parks that are already open in Florida, Europe and Asia.
Theme park executives say they are assuming the state will accept those guidelines or make only minor adjustments.
"We have some foundational points that we are working on," Strobl said.
Only weeks remain to nail down the details and get everyone ready.
Disney Chief Executive Bob Chapek announced last week that the theme parks at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim will reopen April 30. Disney parks in Florida, Shanghai, Tokyo and Hong Kong are already open.
Universal Studios Hollywood is expected to open in late April, and Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park will open sometime in May. Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia has yet to announce a reopening date. Disney and Universal Studios Hollywood officials said single-day ticket prices at their parks are expected to be in line with last year's prices.
The biggest challenge will be rehiring thousands of workers and training them on the safety guidelines they must follow and on ways to enforce safety protocols among parkgoers, theme park executives and union leaders say.
Disneyland has begun to recall about 10,000 furloughed workers, and Universal Studios Hollywood is expected to rehire about 5,000 employees. Disney already recalled about 1,000 employees, and Universal Studios Hollywood rehired several hundred workers to staff the food and shopping events they're starting this month.
A coalition of unions representing about 17,000 workers at Disneyland has been meeting with Disney for months to hash out covid-19 safety protocols for employees, including regular testing, providing maximum indoor ventilation and protective equipment, said Austin Lynch, organizing director for Unite Here, Local 11, which represents hotel and restaurant workers at the resort.
"We feel pretty good about their readiness," he said of Disney.
Some theme park employees who work in restaurants are already eligible to receive coronavirus vaccinations. The parks are encouraging employees to get vaccinated but are not requiring it.
To comply with the California rule prohibiting parks from admitting visitors from outside the state, park operators say they can require all visitors to submit a California ZIP code or other information when booking tickets online.
To prevent visitors from crowding together, the parks are not yet resuming parades and nighttime spectaculars such as the World of Color water and light show at Disney California Adventure Park.
Park operators say the most dramatic changes will probably be made on rides that were designed to have parkgoers sit or stand close together for 15 minutes or more.
To reduce the risk of virus spread, Universal Studios Hollywood is delaying the opening of Despicable Me: Minions Mayhem and the Simpsons Ride, motion-simulator rides that put parkgoers in side-by-side seats in a theater setting.
The line for the Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride at Universal Studios Hollywood winds through the Hogwarts castle, where visitors can stop to look at moving images that tell part of the attraction's story. To keep visitors from crowding together, Strobl said, the park will send small groups of people into the ride's line every few minutes.
The number of passengers per vehicle will be limited on some attractions, such as Jurassic World: The Ride, which was designed to fit rows of five riders shoulder to shoulder, Strobl said. Other attractions with only two or three adjoining seats can operate as normal if the seats are filled with people from the same household, he said.
In the Universal Studios back-lot tour, plastic glass will be installed between the parkgoers, and the drivers and ride narrators.
At Disneyland, a limit on seating is more likely on an attraction such as Pirates of the Caribbean, where riders sit next to one another on long benches in the floating vehicle, Theiler said. The ride operators will enforce such restrictions.
She noted that other attractions, such as Peter Pan's Flight, are designed to seat only two or three people together.
"We are happy to be on the road to reopening," Theiler said. "We can't wait to see Disneyland the way it should be: filled with guests."