Charges of seditious conspiracy rarely used since Civil War era

FILE - This file photo from Wednesday Jan. 6, 2021, shows Trump supporters swarming the Capitol, as Congress prepares to affirm President-elect Joe Biden's victory. A little used Civil War-era statute that outlaws waging war against the United States is getting a fresh look after the attacks on the Capitol. (AP Photo/John Minchillo, File)
FILE - This file photo from Wednesday Jan. 6, 2021, shows Trump supporters swarming the Capitol, as Congress prepares to affirm President-elect Joe Biden's victory. A little used Civil War-era statute that outlaws waging war against the United States is getting a fresh look after the attacks on the Capitol. (AP Photo/John Minchillo, File)

NEW YORK -- A Civil War-era sedition law being dusted off for potential use in the mob attack on the U.S. Capitol was last successfully deployed a quarter-century ago in the prosecution of Islamic militants who plotted to bomb New York City landmarks.

An Egyptian cleric, Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman, and nine followers were convicted in 1995 of seditious conspiracy and other charges in a plot to blow up the United Nations, the FBI building, and two tunnels and a bridge linking New York and New Jersey.

Applications of the law making it a crime to conspire to overthrow or forcefully destroy the government of the United States have been scant. But its use is being considered against the mob that killed a police officer and rampaged through the U.S. Capitol last week.

Michael Sherwin, acting U.S. attorney for D.C., has said "all options are on the table," including sedition charges, against the Capitol invaders.

"Certainly if you have an organized armed assault on the Capitol, or any government installation, it's absolutely a charge that can be brought," said Andrew McCarthy, a former federal prosecutor who secured convictions at Abdel-Rahman's 1995 trial.

The challenge, he said, is whether prosecutors can prove people conspired to use force.

"In our case, conspiracy was a layup because of the nature of the terrorist cell we were targeting. In this case, can they show conspiratorial activity or was it one of these things that spontaneously combusted, which makes conspiracy harder to prove?" McCarthy said.

Karen Greenberg, director of the Center on National Security at the Fordham University School of Law, said sedition charges in an attack against the center of U.S. government are even more appropriate than in the New York bombing plot.

"Of course we should use it here. That's what this is, seditious conspiracy," she said.

Prosecutors had scant evidence against Abdel-Rahman when they arrested him months after a bomb exploded in February 1993 at the World Trade Center, killing six people.

Then-Manhattan U.S. Attorney Mary Jo White went to Washington to persuade the FBI and Attorney General Janet Reno that Abdel-Rahman should be charged with seditious conspiracy, a law enacted after the Civil War to arrest Southerners who might keep fighting the U.S. government.

The law's hefty penalty -- up to 20 years -- boosted its value before terrorism laws were overhauled in 1996, McCarthy said.

Prosecutors offered jurors Abdel-Rahman's fiery speeches, witness testimony and a recording of his conversation with an FBI informant in which the sheikh said U.S. military installations could be attacked.

Abdel-Rahman argued on appeal that he was never involved in planning actual attacks against the U.S. and his hostile rhetoric was protected free speech. His conviction was upheld and the so-called Blind Sheikh died in prison in 2017 at 78.

In another case, Oscar Lopez Rivera -- a former leader of a Puerto Rican independence group that orchestrated a bombing campaign that left dozens of people dead or maimed in the 1970s and '80s -- spent 35 years in prison for seditious conspiracy before President Barack Obama commuted his sentence in 2017.

In 2012, U.S. District Judge Victoria Roberts in Detroit dismissed seditious conspiracy charges brought against a militia group's members who spoke of engaging local, state and federal law enforcement in combat.

While considering bail in the case, the judge said "their right to engage in hate filled, venomous speech, is a right that deserves First Amendment protection." She also wrote that the group's rhetoric spoke of "reclaiming America, not overthrowing the United States Government."

Before the Capitol attack, federal prosecutors talked about using the seditious conspiracy statute in cases involving protests against police brutality, though none were brought.

Lawyers agreed that it would be stretch to try to put President Donald Trump or lawyer Rudy Giuliani on trial for sedition for what some have criticized as incendiary rhetoric at the rally preceding the mob attack on the Capitol.

McCarthy labeled Trump's actions that day reprehensible, but said "you would never be able to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he intended force to be used."

FILE-- This Nov. 1993 file photo shows Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman. The crime of sedition has rarely been prosecuted in U.S. history. The last person to be convicted of that offense was Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman, whose anti-American sermons inspired a plot to blow up New York City landmarks. (AP Photo, File)
FILE-- This Nov. 1993 file photo shows Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman. The crime of sedition has rarely been prosecuted in U.S. history. The last person to be convicted of that offense was Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman, whose anti-American sermons inspired a plot to blow up New York City landmarks. (AP Photo, File)
FILE — In this Sept. 11, 2011 file photo, Egyptian followers gather under a poster with a picture of Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman, the Egyptian cleric jailed in the United States for planning a campaign of bombings. Arabic reads "Open sit in to support Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman." The crime of sedition has rarely been prosecuted in U.S. history. The last person to be convicted of that offense was Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman, whose anti-American sermons inspired a plot to blow up New York City landmarks. (AP Photo/Nasser Nasser, File)
FILE — In this Sept. 11, 2011 file photo, Egyptian followers gather under a poster with a picture of Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman, the Egyptian cleric jailed in the United States for planning a campaign of bombings. Arabic reads "Open sit in to support Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman." The crime of sedition has rarely been prosecuted in U.S. history. The last person to be convicted of that offense was Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman, whose anti-American sermons inspired a plot to blow up New York City landmarks. (AP Photo/Nasser Nasser, File)

Upcoming Events