'Our duty to fight'

The rise of militant Buddhism in Sri Lanka, Myanmar

Thousands of Buddhists listen to Sitagu Sayadaw, one of Myanmar’s most revered Buddhist leaders, also known by his monastic name Ashin Nyanissara, in Paleik, Myanmar.
Thousands of Buddhists listen to Sitagu Sayadaw, one of Myanmar’s most revered Buddhist leaders, also known by his monastic name Ashin Nyanissara, in Paleik, Myanmar.

GINTOTA, Sri Lanka -- The Buddhist abbot was sitting cross-legged in his monastery, fulminating against Islam, when the petrol bomb exploded within earshot.

But the abbot, the Venerable Ambalangoda Sumedhananda Thero, barely registered the blast. Waving away the mosquitoes swarming the night air in the southern Sri Lankan town of Gintota, he continued his tirade: Muslims were violent, he said, Muslims were rapacious.

"The aim of Muslims is to take over all our land and everything we value," he said. "Think of what used to be Buddhist lands: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Indonesia. They have all been destroyed by Islam."

Incited by a politically powerful network of charismatic monks like Sumedhananda Thero, Buddhists have entered the era of militant tribalism, casting themselves as spiritual warriors who must defend their faith against an outside force.

Their sense of grievance might seem unlikely: In Sri Lanka and Myanmar, two countries that are on the forefront of a radical religious-nationalist movement, Buddhists constitute overwhelming majorities of the population. Yet some Buddhists, especially those who subscribe to the purist Theravada strain of the faith, are increasingly convinced that they are under existential threat, particularly from an Islam struggling with its own violent fringe.

As the tectonic plates of Buddhism and Islam collide, a portion of Buddhists are abandoning the peaceful tenets of their religion. During the past few years, Buddhist mobs have waged deadly attacks against minority Muslim populations. Buddhist nationalist ideologues are using the spiritual authority of extremist monks to bolster their support.

"The Buddhists never used to hate us so much," said Mohammed Naseer, the imam of the Hillur Mosque in Gintota, which was attacked by Buddhist mobs in 2017. "Now their monks spread a message that we don't belong in this country and should leave. But where will we go? This is our home."

Last month in Sri Lanka, a powerful Buddhist monk went on a hunger strike that resulted in the resignation of all nine Muslim ministers in the Cabinet. The monk had suggested that Muslim politicians were complicit in the Easter Sunday attacks by Islamic State-linked militants on churches and hotels in Sri Lanka, which killed more than 250 people.

In Myanmar, where a campaign of ethnic cleansing has forced an exodus of most of the country's Muslims, Buddhist monks still warn of an Islamic invasion, even though less than 5% of the national population is Muslim. During Ramadan celebrations in May, Buddhist mobs besieged Islamic prayer halls, causing Muslim worshippers to flee.

"Buddhist monks will say that they would never condone violence," said Mikael Gravers, an anthropologist at Aarhus University in Denmark who has studied the intersection of Buddhism and nationalism. "But at the same time, they will also say that Buddhism or Buddhist states have to be defended by any means."

THE MILITARY-MONASTIC COMPLEX

Thousands of people gathered in Yangon, Myanmar's largest city, in May as Ashin Wirathu, a Buddhist monk who was once jailed for his hate speech, praised the nation's army.

Since August 2017, more than 700,000 Rohingya have fled Myanmar for Bangladesh. Behind it all was a campaign of ethnic cleansing by the army and its allies, with Buddhist mobs and the country's security forces subjecting Rohingya Muslims to slaughter, rape and the complete erasure of hundreds of their villages.

Ashin Wirathu has rejected the nonviolent teachings of his faith. Military-linked lawmakers deserved to be glorified like Buddha, he said at the gathering. "Only the military," he continued, "protects both our country and our religion."

Monks like Ashin Wirathu inhabit the extremist fringe of Buddhist nationalism. But more respected clerics are involved as well.

At 82 years old, the Venerable Ashin Nyanissara, known more commonly as Sitagu Sayadaw, is Myanmar's most influential monk.

As hundreds of thousands of Rohingya were fleeing their torched villages, Sitagu Sayadaw sat in front of an audience of army officers and said that "Muslims have almost bought the United Nations."

The army and monkhood, he said, "could not be separated."

"When someone as respected as Sitagu Sayadaw says something, even if it is strongly dismissive of a certain group, people listen," said Khin Mar Mar Kyi, a Myanmar-born social anthropologist at the University of Oxford. "His words justify hatred."

THE BUDDHIST RIGHT RETURNS

When suicide bombers linked to the Islamic State blew up churches and hotels in Sri Lanka on Easter Sunday, Buddhist nationalists felt vindicated.

"We have been warning for years that Muslim extremists are a danger to national security," said Dilanthe Withanage, a senior administrator for Bodu Bala Sena, the largest of Sri Lanka's Buddhist nationalist groups.

"Blood is on the government's hands for ignoring the radicalization of Islam," Withanage said.

After a few years of moderate coalition governance, a fusion of faith and tribalism is again on the ascendant in Sri Lanka. The movement's champion is Gotabaya Rajapaksa, a former defense chief who is the leading candidate for president in elections due this year.

Rajapaksa has pledged to protect religion in the country with the longest continuous Buddhist lineage. He is determined to reconstruct Sri Lanka's security state, which was built during the country's nearly three-decade-long civil war with an ethnic Tamil minority.

Last year, Bodu Bala Sena's leader, Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara Thero, was sentenced to six years in prison. But in late May, amid a changing political climate, he received a presidential pardon. On Sunday, he presided over a meeting of thousands of monks intent on making their political presence felt in the forthcoming elections.

Before his imprisonment last year, Gnanasara Thero placed his campaign in a historical context. "We have been the guardians of Buddhism for 2,500 years," he said. "Now, it is our duty, just as it is the duty of monks in [Myanmar] to fight to protect our peaceful island from Islam."

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The New York Times/MINZAYAR OO

The Buddhist monk Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara Thero speaks at a temple in Gintota, Sri Lanka. As Buddhism and Islam experience collision, some Buddhists are setting aside the faith’s widespread nonviolent approach to prepare for what they see as a threat to their continued existence.

photo

The New York Times/MINZAYAR OO

A Sri Lankan Buddhist bows in front of Sitagu Sayadaw, one of Myanmar’s most revered Buddhist leaders, in Delgoda, Sri Lanka.

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The New York Times/ADAM DEAN

Ashin Wirathu is a Buddhist monk and leader of a hard-line an- ti-Muslim movement, in Taunggyi, Myanmar. At a protest in October, Wirathu slammed the decision by the International Criminal Court to pursue a case against Myanmar’s military for its persecution of the Rohingya.

Religion on 07/13/2019

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