Cooke Aquaculture Pacific knew it had problems at its Cypress Island fish farm before the catastrophic failure that spilled tens of thousands of Atlantic salmon into Puget Sound.
"The farm site No. 2 was identified as the first priority for upgrades. We knew it was at the end of its life cycle and it needed upgrades right away, and we were in the process of doing that," company spokesman Chuck Brown said last week.
But the company never got the chance.
Instead, the farm capsized the weekend of Aug. 19, with 305,000 Atlantic salmon inside. The company collected 142,176 in all from its nets. The rest escaped.
Though evidence of damage to native fish runs is sparse, the accident has sparked an outcry to shut down the Atlantic salmon fish-farming industry in Washington state. The state already has said it won't allow new or expanded farms until further review, and 20 western Washington American Indian tribes with treaty-protected fisheries say they want Puget Sound farms shut down entirely.
It also comes as the industry is under intense scrutiny across the border in British Columbia. First Nations people on Aug. 25 began an occupation of a net pen farm at Swanson Island near Alert Bay, demanding permits be revoked for the farms in their local waters because of concern about disease, fish waste and parasites harming wild stocks.
This month, the occupation expanded to a second farm on the British Columbia coast as the Musgamagw Dzawada'enuxw, led by Hereditary Chief Willie Moon, occupied another Marine Harvest salmon farm, off northeastern Vancouver Island. The move brought support from other tribal nations. "This is an assertion of their authority in their traditional lands and waters," after the Cypress Island failure, said a statement by the chiefs of the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council.
The Washington fish escape made waves at Shishalh Nation, too, where fishermen were surprised and alarmed to find three escaped Atlantic salmon in their nets on Aug. 27, in the Sabine Channel, 80 nautical miles from Cooke's spill. Two of the fish were females, full of eggs. The tribe opposes any farmed salmon in its waters.
In Washington, 20 tribes also said all Atlantic salmon farms in Puget Sound should be closed, with no more allowed.
"Just how many fish got loose is unknown. Their escape threatens our already weak stocks of native Pacific salmon as well as our treaty fishing rights," the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission said in a statement.
"Little state government oversight, lack of coordination and a rapid-response plan, along with poor communication by Cooke Aquaculture delayed quick action to contain the fish, allowing them to spread throughout Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Washington Coast and southern British Columbia."
The statement also said Cooke should be fined for negligence and made to pay for all clean up costs.
Sen. Kevin Ranker (D-Orcas Island) said he thinks it is past time to take action against Atlantic salmon farming in Washington state, adding that he and others in Olympia on both sides of the aisle have legislation in the works for the coming legislative session. "I am totally opposed to net pen aquaculture of invasive species in the Salish Sea."
IMPACT UNKNOWN
The impact of the spill remains unknown on wild fish runs, some of which are federally protected under the Endangered Species Act.
"You don't know are they going to go upriver, are they are going to eat fish or not eat fish, or compete for food," said Lorraine Loomis, fisheries manager for the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community and chairman of the commission.
Swinomish chairman Brian Cladoosby was out fishing this week, "trying to kill these things." He said fishermen are catching Atlantics with bellies full of native Pacific salmon fingerlings.
Washington is no stranger to farmed Atlantic salmon escapes, with spills in 1996, 1997 and 1999, including one of 369,000 fish. So far, no instance of crossbreeding between Pacific and Atlantic salmon has been documented.
The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife once tried to establish Atlantic salmon runs to stoke fishing opportunity, releasing the foreign fish in Washington waters in 1951, 1980 and 1981. Many releases also were made in lakes. But none resulted in established runs.
Research to develop a marine net-pen industry began in the late 1960s, beginning in Puget Sound near Manchester by the National Marine Fisheries Service -- now NOAA fisheries, the federal agency charged with protecting Washington's imperiled wild runs.
Atlantic salmon, through intensive breeding programs, emerged as the species most amenable. Washington today is the leading farmed Atlantic salmon producer in the nation. California and Alaska ban the industry. No Atlantic salmon farms operate in Oregon.
Concern about the effects of farmed Atlantic salmon on wild Puget Sound stocks have dogged the industry in recent decades. A September 1999 white paper by Washington wildlife scientists found that evidence available before the summer of 1998 suggested escaped Atlantic salmon were not colonizing local watersheds and were not significantly affecting native fish. "However in 1998 and in 1999 naturally produced Atlantic salmon were discovered in streams on Vancouver Island, British Columbia," the scientists wrote.
RESEARCH LACKING
John Volpe, an invasion ecologist at the University of Victoria, who found those fish, noted that anyone who says they know anything for sure about the impact of farmed salmon escapes "is either speaking from emotion or politics." That is because so little scientific research has been done on the topic, Volpe said.
Mike Rust, NOAA Aquaculture Science Coordinator, said the U.S. industry has improved its practices to clean up the farms. "They have changed a lot in the last 40 years," Rust said. In Washington, the farms have to meet pollution discharge permit standards and report all use of drugs and chemicals to state regulators used in the fish and their feed.
Farmed salmon also convert feed to flesh more efficiently than other livestock, and are cleaner, too, Rust said. "If you look at them next to pigs and chickens and cows, they are actually very sustainable and clean."
Reaction to farmed Atlantic salmon in a region that reveres wild fish is mixed. Whole Foods was cutting prices on "farm fresh" salmon last week, but some Puget Sound chefs and restaurant owners, including Tom Douglas and Duke's Chowder House restaurants, won't serve it.
"You can put lipstick on a pig, but it is still a pig," said Duke Moscrip, founder of Duke's Chowder House restaurants. "There are so many issues with the product. I've seen so many sea lice on farmed salmon you have to throw it away. And the color and the flavor and texture just aren't there."
For Washington tribes the fish are a competitive and ecological threat, and the spill has raised ire.
At Lummi Nation, tribal members were in an emergency fishery chasing down Atlantic salmon.
Jay Julius, a Lummi tribal council member and lifelong fisherman, had caught more than 20,000 pounds of Atlantics but was too distressed by the spill to go home and rest. "We know how salmon think, how to work the tides, but these fish are different," he said, navigating to a new spot to set his nets.
Jewell Praying Wolf James, a Lummi tribal master carver, said the spill felt like a repeat of history.
"There are fewer and fewer Puget Sound chinook and coho returning to the spawning habitat, it is open and available, and becomes ripe for colonization, just like what happened to us," James said. "And private corporations are making a large profit off it. It is like when the settlers came."
Hilary Franz, Commissioner of Public Lands at the Department of Natural Resources, which holds all the leases for the Puget Sound farms, said she had "grave concerns" about Atlantic salmon fish farms on state-owned aquatic lands.
"[The department] will not be authorizing any new farms, or expansions to existing, Atlantic salmon net-pen structures on state-owned aquatic lands until it can be shown that this activity is in the best interest of the state," Franz said. "It's clear to me that thousands of Atlantic salmon swimming in the Puget Sound is not in the best interest of the state."
SundayMonday Business on 09/17/2017