Military trains for new fronts

‘Multidomain warfare’ includes cyberspace, Earth orbit

An F-22A Raptor assigned to the 27th Fighter Squadron of Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Va., is refueled in-air by a KC-135 Stratotanker during the Red Flag exercise over the Nevada Test and Training Range on July 27.
An F-22A Raptor assigned to the 27th Fighter Squadron of Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Va., is refueled in-air by a KC-135 Stratotanker during the Red Flag exercise over the Nevada Test and Training Range on July 27.

NELLIS AIR FORCE BASE, Nev. -- U.S. military officers had just finished a mission in the Air Force's premier exercise to train pilots for air-to-air combat, and something had gone wrong: Rank-and-file troops expected to carry out cyberattacks on enemy air defenses deviated from their plan without warning commanders and pilots.

The situation, described later by a few officers, created a "very excitable and heated" exchange during a post-mission debriefing at the Air Force's Red Flag training exercise, said Air Force Col. DeAnna Burt, a top commander at the exercise. U.S. troops carrying out cyber operations are expected to complete specific assignments, known as contracts. Doing so can create specific windows of time in which U.S. aircraft can attack while facing fewer threats, while deviating from that plan can put pilots at risk in an actual combat operation.

"We said, 'Hold on here: Did you clear this with the mission commander?'" said Col. Michael P. Dombrowski, the air operations center director during Red Flag. "Because the cutoff for good ideas was about six hours ago, dude."

The exchange symbolizes some of the challenges for the U.S. military as it shifts its focus to prepare for potential wars against adversaries with advanced weapons. The transition to so-called multidomain operations calls for the Pentagon to prepare not only for wars on land, air and sea but also for newer forms of warfare that incorporate both space and cyberspace.

Just as important, the shift requires new collaborations among different parts of the military, and trust among them. Fighter pilots, for example, must increasingly rely on cyberattacks created by colleagues on the ground in order to get in and out of enemy airspace safely. Air Force Space Command, meanwhile, recently adopted a new model known as the Space Mission Force, in which crews will be reorganized to keep U.S. military satellites safe from potential adversaries.

Multidomain warfare was incorporated at Red Flag recently to an extent the U.S. military has never done before, Red Flag participants said. The exercise, established in the 1970s after thousands of U.S. aircraft were shot down over Vietnam, has long been considered one of the U.S. military's premier ways to train pilots for air-to-air combat. This time, however, it integrated space and cyber missions throughout the three-week exercise.

Peter Singer, an author and analyst with the New America Foundation, said the U.S. military is in a position where it must develop doctrine for new kinds of operations, including cyber and space warfare. His 2015 book with August Cole, Ghost Fleet, is a work of fiction, but its exploration of how China and Russia could cripple the U.S. military through cyber and space attacks has been studied in the military over the past year.

Singer cited in an interview a comparison to the World War II Battle of the Kasserine Pass, in which inexperienced U.S. forces in Tunisia were badly battered by German forces who were better prepared to use tanks and other weapons at their disposal.

"It's not who has the tech; it's who has the best doctrine for bringing it all together," Singer said of cyberwarfare. "We've had this capability; we just haven't had to use it and exercise it much."

One way that Air Force officials encouraged change at Red Flag was naming Burt -- the commander of the 50th Space Wing at Schriever Air Force Base, Colo. -- as the first space officer to serve as the air expeditionary wing commander of Red Flag. The job is responsible for a variety of missions during the exercise, including carrying out disciplinary action. Having Burt involved provided the Red Flag staff, heavily made up of fighter pilots, with a new perspective, said Col. Greg Marzolf, who oversees the exercise as commander of the 414th Combat Training Squadron.

Burt acknowledged having some insecurities before taking the assignment about "how all these pointy-nose fighter guys were going to look at a space operator" being involved. But she said she was quickly accepted and found them enthusiastic about discussing how "nonkinetics" -- space and cyber operations -- could be adopted.

More than 100 aircraft were involved in the exercise July 11-29 at the Nevada Test and Training Range, which spans 5,000 square miles in the desert north of Las Vegas. Dozens of fighter jets were launched each night, along with surveillance planes such as the U-2 Dragon Lady and drones such as MQ-1 Predator. Army Special Forces teams were integrated on the ground, and a notional enemy "red team" of U.S. troops that included aircraft and air defense was organized to challenge other participants.

A Section on 08/10/2016

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