Rebels mount push in Aleppo

BEIRUT -- The fiercest fighting in months raged in the divided Syrian city of Aleppo on Friday as newly reorganized insurgents began an offensive on government-held areas.

Two insurgent coalitions -- a newly formed one that includes the Nusra Front, al-Qaida's branch in Syria, and another formed in May by local factions long active in Aleppo -- attacked simultaneously from several directions, unleashing hundreds of rockets and shells.

Government forces hit back with shelling and airstrikes, and civilians came under fire from both sides, according to witnesses and statements from the warring parties.

For the insurgents, the fight tests whether they can reprise their seizure earlier this year of another provincial capital, Idlib, where they executed an unusually coherent battle plan through a newly created, unified operations center.

But Aleppo, Syria's industrial and economic capital and its largest city before the war, is a greater challenge for them. The government and its allies -- the Lebanese group Hezbollah and Iraqi Shiite militias -- are likely to fight harder. And the Islamic State extremist group is trying to drive rival insurgents out of core territory east of city.

Also, just hours after the battle began late Thursday, rifts were already evident between the insurgent groups -- apparently centering on who would rule Aleppo and how.

The fighting underscores the lack of progress from international leaders in finding a political solution to Syria's war, which has lasted 4½ years, claimed more than 230,000 lives, driven millions from their homes and destroyed much of the storied old city of Aleppo.

Less than a year ago, the United Nations special envoy, Staffan di Mistura, had pinned hopes for reviving talks on a proposed freeze in fighting in Aleppo; the idea never gained traction.

As the latest fighting intensified, Turkey, a fierce opponent of Assad, sent reinforcements to its borders, raising speculation of an imminent intervention. But the prime minister, Ahmet Davutoglu, told a Turkish television channel that the country aimed only to protect its borders.

Much of the fighting in Aleppo has been with ground-to-ground projectiles that are fired into civilian areas. Death tolls in the latest fighting were impossible to confirm, but each side said civilians had been killed, and they claimed to have killed scores of the others' fighters.

As the fighting started, the Nusra Front and its close ally Ahrar al-Sham, a large Islamist faction, declared the formation of a new coalition called Ansar al-Sharia -- which can be translated as Supporters of Islamic Law -- that included several other factions coordinated through a shared operations room.

In a video statement, its leaders declared that their aim was "the liberation of Aleppo and its countryside," after which they would work with other factions on a "joint covenant" to rule the city "according to the rules of Sharia."

But the new formation did not include some of the main groups that have held eastern Aleppo since insurgents seized it in 2012. Those groups include some that U.S. officials have at times deemed moderate enough to receive aid, and had previously organized a joint operations room called Fatah Halab, or Conquest of Aleppo.

They, too, joined the battle alongside the new coalition, with the commander, Yaser Abdularahman, declaring in a video, "In retaliation for the massacres committed by the regime against our people in Aleppo, we won't stop till the liberation of the whole of Aleppo, God willing."

A Syrian Islamist activist who shares often-reliable information about the various factions on Twitter, using the name Mzamjer al-Sham, criticized the formation of Ansar al-Sharia, calling it a sign of fragmentation. He said other factions in Aleppo were preparing to declare yet another operations center, meaning there would be three rival groups.

"The factions in Aleppo disagreed on how to run the city if liberated, so they were divided into three operation rooms," he wrote.

"Each of them is aiming to liberate the city from the jaws of the pliers," he added, referring to the government forces and those of the Islamic State, which has clashed in the area with the Nusra Front and a range of other insurgent groups.

Information for this article was contributed by Hwaida Saad of The New York Times.

A Section on 07/04/2015

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