When Congress passed a law in 2003 aimed at ending sexual assault in U.S. prisons, jails and juvenile detention centers, survivors like Jan Lastocy were hopeful that it would help solve the long-ignored problem.
Lastocy and a coalition of inmate advocacy groups and evangelical groups had worked for years to persuade policymakers and corrections officials that rape behind bars shouldn't be accepted, even if the public had little sympathy for its victims.
"I felt vindicated because I had been fighting so hard, and for so long, to bring attention to this issue and get justice for myself and for all survivors," said Lastocy, who was repeatedly raped by a guard while serving time for embezzlement.
Now, some advocates worry that a proposal to reduce the law's financial penalties will severely damage it. The measure failed last fall, but its sponsor, Sen. John Cornyn, R-Texas, vows to reintroduce it in the new GOP-controlled Congress.
Cornyn said the funds include grants for worthy programs, such as ones that support rape and domestic violence victims. He said the law should be more narrowly tailored to affect money for prison construction, operations and administration.
The proposal has put some prison rape survivors on the opposite side of those who survived sexual assault on the outside.
Nearly two dozen organizations, including prison industry groups and the Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network, have lauded Cornyn's efforts and say they trust prison officials to work vigorously at reducing rapes even without financial penalties.
"There's no desire to do anything less than help victims," said Rebecca O'Connor, the network's vice president of public policy, adding that her organization just wants to make sure the law is applied in a way that doesn't harm existing programs.
Advocates say the measure is the latest sign that the law's implementation is too slow.
Federal statistics show about 216,000 adult and juvenile inmates are sexually assaulted each year, compared with 238,000 people living outside of correction facilities in the U.S.
Allen Beck, a statistician with the U.S. Department of Justice who researches the incidence of prison rape, said the biggest indicator of prisoner sexual assault is the culture of the facility, not the number of inmates or security cameras.
When Lastocy stepped into Camp Branch, a minimum security women's prison in Michigan, in 1998, she was facing as much as 10 years in prison for attempting to embezzle several thousand dollars from her employer, ABO Security.
As she adjusted to the discovery after her arrest that she had bipolar disorder, rape quickly became a fact of life.
She feared that the guard who raped her could extend her prison stay by writing her false tickets for breaking prison rules if she reported him. He was later convicted of sexually assaulting several inmates, including Lastocy.
When she learned that she may have been his first victim, she felt guilt for not speaking up, said Lastocy, who now is an advocate for prison rape survivors.
So far, seven states have opted out of the law and stand to lose 5 percent in federal money that goes toward prisons. Two states -- New Jersey and New Hampshire -- say they are in compliance, and 41 others are working to meet the law's requirements.
The law's backers say Cornyn's proposal would essentially gut the penalty because little, if any, federal grant money actually goes toward prison administration, operations and constructions. Those are funded by state and local governments.
To take the provision out "would totally obliterate the incentive states have to comply with" the law, said U.S. District Judge Reggie Walton, the chairman of the former National Prison Rape Elimination Commission.
The commission developed the law's requirements, which range from increased training of staff about sexual abuse policies to screening new inmates to determine if they're likely to commit sexual assault or to be assaulted.
In Texas, which has six facilities among those nationally with the highest prevalence rate of sexual assaults, officials used nearly $2.6 million in federal money to install extra cameras in some facilities and develop a sexual assault awareness curriculum.
The state has since opted out and faces an $800,000 loss in federal funding.
Many states have trained staff members and educated inmates about how to spot and report sexual assault.
Addressing sexual assault and caring for victims "decreases the likelihood of an offender becoming a victim again and committing a violent act once he or she returns to the community," said Norah West, Washington state's corrections spokesman.
Eight state correctional facilities comply with the federal law, West said. Nine more are set to be audited in 2015.
A Section on 01/05/2015