Rabia Chaudry kept her 7-year-old daughter home from her private Islamic school in Maryland on Thursday, fearing anti-Muslim backlash from Wednesday's massacre nearly 3,000 miles away in San Bernardino, Calif.
"I think we are all feeling exhausted and very vulnerable," said Chaudry, a lawyer and national security fellow at the New America Foundation. "I'm angry at those people who did this attack. And I'm angry at how this is being politicized. Everything boils down to: 'We should fear Muslims. And they shouldn't be here.'"
American Muslims say they are living through an intensely painful moment and feel growing anti-Muslim sentiment after the recent Islamic State attacks in Paris and this week's San Bernardino shootings, carried out by a Muslim husband and wife.
American Muslims say that other Americans, like many in Europe, often do not draw a distinction between radical Islamist militants, such as those associated with the Islamic State and al-Qaida, and the religion of Islam and its followers who have no ties to extremism.
Thursday's New York Post reported the San Bernardino massacre story with the headline "MUSLIM KILLERS."
Arsalan Iftikhar, a human-rights lawyer who is working on a book on anti-Islam sentiment in the United States, said that headline was evidence of how people jump to conclusions about a suspect in a crime who is Muslim.
"When a Muslim American commits a murder, their religion is brought front and center," he said. "With anyone else, [it's] a crazy, kooky loner."
Many Muslims said fear of Islam is being fueled by the heated rhetoric of Republican presidential candidates, particularly businessman Donald Trump, who has called for surveillance of some mosques and for Muslims to register with the government.
"Islamophobia is the accepted form of racism in America," Iftikhar said. "Leaders like Donald Trump show us that you can take a potshot at Muslims and get away with it."
Estimates of the number of American Muslims vary from about 4 million to perhaps 12 million.
The backlash against them has created a deepening sense of alienation. Talk of creating Muslim databases and noting Muslims' religion on their IDs has echoes for many of the forced internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Many mosques have asked local police for more security.
"There's a constant climate of insinuation of terrorism and disloyalty that creates this pervasive sense of being an outsider," said Haroon Moghul, a fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding in Washington.
On Tuesday morning, Terry Cormier arrived to open her Anaheim, Calif., Islamic clothing shop and found a Koran, riddled with more than 30 bullet holes, left at the door. She made a report to police and the Council on American-Islamic Relations, whose officials called it "a note that says, 'You're not welcome here.' "
"Our Koran is something that is very important to us, and that we hold very dear, and to see it full of bullet holes and defaced and intentionally delivered to me to find is a hate-filled message," said Cormier, a California native who married an Egyptian immigrant and converted to Islam. "Whoever did it, I think they probably didn't have any understanding of the religion itself."
Cormier, who wears the headscarf known as the hijab, said she has felt little anti-Muslim sentiment in her ethnically diverse community in Southern California until now.
"But especially after what happened yesterday in San Bernardino, it's pretty intense," she said. "But I really think that if people would just get out there and talk to a Muslim person, they would see that they are human just like you. We're just as upset about what's going on and how people are being hurt. It's devastating to us, as well."
At least one Muslim was also wounded in the San Bernardino attack. Khaled Zeidan, board chairman at the Islamic Community Center of Redlands, said a Muslim woman was shot in the legs and is in stable condition.
"We're all grieving. We're all together in this," Zeidan said. "We're all hurting, whether people want to believe it or not."
Muslim leaders are also debating whether they need to apologize each time Islamic extremists carry out an attack, said Adem Carroll, a member of the Muslim American Civil Liberties Coalition in New York.
"If our voice is not included, that silence is interpreted as acquiescence or guilt," Carroll said. "We've been in a position since 9/11 where we have to prove our innocence, which is the opposite of the way it should be."
Other Muslims think that moderate Muslims need to be more aggressive about denouncing acts of terror and rejecting the Islamic State's call to establish a caliphate -- a Muslim homeland ruled by shariah law.
"We need to deal honestly with issues of extremism," said Asra Nomani, an author and activist. "As long as Americans see denial and deflection, it feeds distrust."
Muslims, Nomani said, need to directly address how extremist Muslims interpret the Koran and how that affects church-state relations.
"What we're struggling with is on the far right, a lot of people who want to deal with Islam in a monolithic way, and on the far left, no one wants to acknowledge there's a larger problem," Nomani said. "The truth lies somewhere in the middle. There is an extremism problem. The majority of Muslims don't live that way, and we have to reclaim a middle path."
Information for this article was contributed by Julie Zauzmer and Alice Crites of The Washington Post.
A Section on 12/05/2015