SAN FRANCISCO -- FedEx Corp., the latest company accused in a federal probe involving illegal online pharmacies, said it will fight the charges that it knowingly shipped drugs to people who lack valid prescriptions.

The company said it would have to invade the privacy of customers to stop such deliveries.

By contrast, UPS Inc. paid $40 million last year to resolve similar allegations and vowed to overhaul its procedures and work with investigators to detect suspicious activity.

The contrasting responses to the decade-long federal probe of the prescription drug black market underscore the difficulty shippers have in determining how far to go to ferret out illicit online pharmacies among their customers and to alert the government.

Wall Street analysts, legal experts, anti-drug crusaders and the companies themselves are split on the issue.

FedEx could face $1.6 billion in penalties after its July 17 indictment on charges that it conspired with illegal online pharmacies to deliver prescription drugs to customers it knew lacked valid prescriptions.

The federal investigation of the two shipping giants stems from a blitz against online pharmacies that was launched in 2005. Since then, dozens of arrests have been made, thousands of websites shuttered and tens of millions of dollars and pills seized worldwide as investigators broadened the probe beyond the operators.

Google Inc. in 2011 agreed to pay $500 million to settle allegations by the U.S. Justice Department that it profited from ads purchased by online pharmacies that the search giant knew were improperly selling prescription drugs.

Many online pharmacies fill orders without following prescription protocols, often requiring a customer to simply fill out an online form that is reviewed remotely by a physician.

"The advent of Internet pharmacies allowed the cheap and easy distribution of massive amounts of illegal prescription drugs to every corner of the United States, while allowing perpetrators to conceal their identities through the anonymity the Internet provides," San Francisco-based U.S. Attorney Melinda Haag said.

Companies up and down the online pill supply chain have been grappling with defining their duty to uncover and report questionable Internet pharmacies.

"We are a transportation company -- we are not law enforcement," FedEx spokesman Patrick Fitzgerald said.

He said FedEx has often worked with investigators to thwart illegal drug activity during the company's 43-year history.

Fitzgerald said that to comply with Drug Enforcement Agency demands to determine and disclose customers who are illegally shipping prescription drugs would require the company to violate the privacy of its customers.

The Memphis-based shipping giant is echoed by Wall Street analysts and some legal experts who argue that FedEx, which handles 10 million packages daily, is not equipped or responsible for playing a leading role in investigating online pharmacies.

The company was indicted in San Francisco federal court on 15 felony counts of conspiring with two illicit online pharmacies.

"This is an unprecedented action by the DEA," said Larry Cote, a former DEA lawyer now in private practice. "This will definitely have a chilling effect on the industry as a whole. And it's a very slippery slope the DEA is going down. Do they go after utilities and banks next?'"

At the opposite end of the spectrum is FedEx rival UPS. To avoid similar criminal charges, the Atlanta-based company agreed last year to pay $40 million and change its policies and procedures, including appointing a compliance officer to monitor online pharmacies.

The officer's job is to report suspicious activity to senior executives and federal investigators. UPS also was required to hire an outside auditor to oversee the compliance officer, and both appointments were approved by the Justice Department, said UPS spokesman Susan Rosenberg.

"The issue of illegal online pharmacies is not about privacy but a matter of supply chain integrity and the creation of processes to ensure that illegal activity is not facilitated," Rosenberg said.

She said the agreement with the government doesn't require UPS to search packages.

Rosenberg declined to specify how UPS is checking out online pharmacies, but the company's agreement with the Justice Department said screening can be as simple as an online search of the pharmacy's website.

Mitchell Epner, a former federal prosecutor now in private practice, said FedEx and its competitors have an obligation to not ship things they know are contraband.

In the FedEx indictment, prosecutors cite several instances in which they allege the company was warned that it was engaged with suspect pharmacies.

A Section on 07/27/2014