MINNEAPOLIS -- Forget the weather and politics. As thousands of Minnesota farmers gathered recently for the big Farmfest trade show, the real buzz was overhead.
For several years, small numbers of farmers and farm-equipment dealers have experimented with unmanned aerial devices, known as UAVs or drones, to get pictures and other data above fields.
Now, an industry is emerging to promote the concept.
Farmers who attended the Farmfest show near the central Minnesota town of Morgan had the chance to attend seminars on how drones and so-called big data can change their work. Implement dealers, crop consultants, researchers and a handful of Minnesota companies that are in the drone business were on hand and even the Minnesota Corn Growers Association gave away a quadcopter drone in a promotion.
"It's very new," said Jerry Johnson, chief executive of Farm Intelligence2, a Mankato developer of field-analysis software and two UAVs for farm use. "There's a lot of educating that is going on. Most people have basic questions like 'How long does it fly?' while some ask very sophisticated questions about the data."
Over the past two decades, the use of GPS and data sensors became standard in American farming, a phenomenon known as precision agriculture. Information was chiefly gathered by tractors during planting in the spring and combines during harvesting in the fall. Farmers then studied the data to make planting decisions for the next season.
But with drones, farmers can get images quickly and cheaply while crops grow. If there's a problem, a farmer can take action that can affect the current season.
And while the term "drones" conjures up images of multimillion-dollar military vehicles or gangly devices carrying packages from Amazon, the machines and related systems being developed for farmers are smaller, sleeker and generally simpler to use.
"Even though we're using the same term, drone, it really is quite different," said Brendan Schulman, a New York attorney who has become a specialist on the evolving regulation of drones.
Farmers can use very simple quadcopters with digital cameras, which cost about $500, for a quick view of their fields. Other systems, ranging from $2,000 to about $30,000, come with near-infrared sensors to make images of moisture content and other characteristics. Such systems then download the information into software that guides tractors through fields.
While current Federal Aviation Administration rules prohibit the use of unmanned vehicles for commercial purposes, the agency is updating its rules for commercial drone use.
While new FAA regulations aren't expected for another year, a new audit by the Department of Transportation said the agency is facing hurdles in how to integrate drones into airspace. The FAA isn't expected to meet a 2015 deadline set by Congress to adopt rules for commercial drone use, according to news reports.
Existing rules limit the use of unmanned aircraft for approved government or research use and by hobbyists if they keep them below 400 feet. However, some businesses have begun offering footage provided by aerial drones, including wedding photographers, real estate brokers and news outlets.
For the moment, most drones and data analysis are being provided by implement dealers, fertilizer suppliers and crop consultants.
"You can fly a quarter in 10 to 15 minutes," said Matt Rohlik, a consultant at Haug Implement of Willmar, referring to one-fourth of a square mile, or 160 acres.
Rohlik, who led the drone seminar at Farmfest, said one of his clients used an unmanned aircraft in July to determine the portion of his crop that suffered the most during the heavy June rains, then applied new rounds of nitrogen to give the troubled plants a boost for the rest of summer.
"Nutrient deficiencies vary across the farm. Some areas have nitrogen deficiency, some other areas have phosphorus deficiency," said Mike Bazakos, managing director at the University of Minnesota's robotics center. "A more sophisticated drone with a camera and GPS can provide the coordinates of these areas so that the appropriate treatment can be applied to the corresponding areas."
Bazakos and David Mulla, chief of the University of Minnesota's precision agriculture center, are jointly researching the use of drones to maximize farm production. Mulla estimates farmers can save $10 to $30 an acre in fertilizer and in related costs by examining the progress of crops while they are still in the ground.
"You can correct problems today that in the past would have led to disastrous losses or yields," Mulla said.
At the moment, the farm drone industry is as frothy as any in high-tech, with startups scrambling to get capital from investors, deals with distributors and attention from customers. Major issues, such as possession of data collected on farms, are unsettled.
Johnson, who in the 1980s and 1990s led a computer distributor, said the business reminds him of the early days in the PC industry. He said he expects prices for drones to fall steadily, just as they did for PCs. That prospect also is likely to further the use of drones in other industries, such as real estate, media and law enforcement.
Bazakos says that in the future, ground-based, radio-controlled robots will emerge to work with the information collected from the aerial drones. Eventually, those ground-based devices will be able to take leaf and dirt samples and even apply fertilizer, saving farmers trips out to a field with a tractor and sprayer.
As the FAA develops its commercial use rules for unmanned aerial vehicles, lawmakers and regulators are still catching up in light of a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that landowners possess the right to the air up to 500 feet above their property.
"The unsettled question is 'Why is the use of this technology an air transportation issue just because it's a camera that lifts off the ground using propellers?' " attorney Schulman said.
Information for this article was contributed by Jessica Seaman of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette.
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