LOS ANGELES - In the old days, filmmakers flocked to Hollywood for its abundant sunshine, beautiful people and sandy beaches. But fueled by generous tax breaks, filmmaking has gone where the money is: Vancouver, British Columbia, London and Wellington, New Zealand.

The result is an incentives battle that pits California against governments around the world and allows powerful studios - with hundreds of millions of dollars at their disposal - to take the best deals.

The most recent example came earlier this month when James Cameron announced plans to shoot and produce the next three Avatar sequels largely in New Zealand. What Cameron gets out of the deal is a 25 percent rebate on production costs, as long as his company spends at least $413 million on the three films.

“There’s no place in the world that we could make these sequels more cost effectively,” said producer Jon Landau. It is neither the archipelago’s volcanoes nor its glaciers that are attractive, because the Avatar movies will be shot indoors. Sure, Peter Jackson’s award-winning special effects infrastructure is there, but the deciding factor was the money. “We looked at other places,” Landau said. But in the end, “it was this rebate.”

The local economy will benefit hugely, Landau said, comparing the ripple effect to the effect of new home construction. “We’re doing lumber, we’re catering for hundreds of people a day. We’re housing people in hotels. We’re going to a stationery store and tripling their business in a year.”

The deal was “the best Christmas present we could have possibly hoped for,” said Alex Lee, an Auckland, New Zealand-based entertainment lawyer. The news is especially welcome because the local screen industry is facing a potential drought: The Starz pay TV series Spartacus finished this year and Peter Jackson’s The Hobbit trilogy is set to wrap next year. Thanks to the Avatar sequels, the 1,100 workers at Weta Digital Ltd., the digital effects house Jackson co-founded in 1993, can keep plugging away through 2018.

“It would have been a real shame if we had lost any of that talent and they had to move to follow the films,” Wellington Mayor Celia Wade-Brown said.

Driving the trend are forces squeezing the entertainment industry. Falling DVD sales are putting pressure on movie-making budgets, while the demand for ever-more-amazing special effects grows. The spread of technology and skills around the world is creating a huge number of special effects suppliers - some using cheaper labor than can be found in Hollywood.

Government largesse has helped create film centers in Vancouver, Montreal, London, New York and Wellington, all of which are aggressively one-upping each other to become the next new hotbed. As the work spreads, branch offices of visual effects companies have opened up in new locations. Even though digital work is borderless, workers must live and be paid locally to generate the income taxes and spending that governments seek.

The tax incentives race is destined to accelerate next year. State incentives in California - home to Star Wars pioneer Industrial Light & Magic - are too small to accommodate big-budget movies. Democratic California Assembly member Raul Bocanegra is preparing a bill to expand their scope, but it could take months to get through committees, said his chief of staff, Ben Golombek.

And the U.S. federal incentive, an arguably difficult-to-use tax deduction of up to $20 million per film or TV episode, is set to expire at the end of 2013.

“Once our federal incentive ends in two weeks, you’re going to have a lot of people who are going to go elsewhere,” said Hal “Corky” Kessler, a tax incentives lawyer with Chicago-based Deutsch, Levy & Engel.

Industry business leaders say they’re simply following the money.

“This is no different thanany other multinational business,” said Sir William Sargent, co-founder and chief executive officer of Framestore, a London-based special effects business that worked on likely Oscar contender Gravity and has offices in Montreal, New York and Los Angeles. “We’re just going to where our customers are.”

Even if the U.S. moves to counteract growing incentives overseas, the efforts won’t prevent another jurisdiction from offering a bigger break.

Joseph Chianese, executive vice president at consulting company EP Financial Solutions, said the competition to offer attractive incentives is intense. More than 30 countries and 44 U.S. states nowoffer tax breaks to filmmakers.

The mix “changes daily, but it’s not going away,” Chianese said. “We have now trained a generation of filmmakers and TV makers that production doesn’t have to happen here anymore.”

Business, Pages 31 on 12/28/2013